1) Describe how and why clinicians classify psychological disorders.
2) Describe how the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety disorders.
3) Define mood disorders, and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
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1) Describe how and why clinicians classify psychological disorders.
DSM-IV-TR is a current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders. This volume is the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated in 2000 as “text revision.” This classification scheme assumes the medical model and will be more substantially revised as DSM-5, which will appear in2013. DSM diagnoses were developed in coordination with the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10); the eleventh edition is expected in2014. Most health insurance policies
in North America require an ICD/DSM diagnosis before they will pay for therapy. The DSM describes various disorders and has high reliability. For example, two clinicians who are working independently and applying the guidelines are likely to reach the same diagnosis.
2) Describe how the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety disorders.
The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning of others’ fears. The biological perspective helps explain why we learn some fears more readily and why some individuals are more vulnerable. It emphasizes evolutionary, genetic, and neural influences. For example, phobias may focus on fears faced by our ancestors, genetic inheritance of a high level of emotional reactivitypredisposes some to anxiety, and elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be linked to OCD.
3) Define mood disorders, and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
Mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. The major depressive disorder occurs when at least five signs of depression (including lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, or loss of interest in family, friends, and activities) last two or more weeks and are not caused by drugs or a medical condition. Bipolar disorders a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state). A major depressive disorder is much more common than is bipolar disorder. Get Psychology homework help today
